KAMPHUES, J. (1997): Alternatives to established forms in removal of dead animals and by products in rendering plants - tolerated, intended and feared?
Dtsch. tier�rztl. Wschr. 104, 257-260

Summary

The removal and disposal of dead animals and slaughterhouse offalls by rendering plants to produce meat and bone meal (high nutritive value due to the protein and mineral content) is a model for a successful concept of recycling organic matter. Especially since the discussion on BSE and on the role of meat meal in distribution of this disease the products - inspite of their nutritive value - came under criticism. Besides this development more and more owners of companion animals refuse the removal of their animals by rendering plants, increasingly their demand of other kinds of disposal (crematorium, burial-grounds). The image of meat and bone meal has reduced in the last years, although the animal production causes the mass of mortalities and slaughterhouse offals there is a trend to renounce on the use of meat and bone meal in food producing animals. From the ecological and economical point of view it is irresponsible to use a meat and bone meal - produced under specified conditions concerning temperature, pressure and duration of heat treatment - as fuel. Alternative kinds of disposal of dead animals (for example composting) are presented and discussed with their advantages and drawbacks, especially their risks from spreading infectious organisms and diseases.

Kamphues, J., Stolte, M., Tschentscher, A., Rust, P. (1999 ): Investigations on sulfate concentration in milk replacers and dried whey products and its effect on feces composition in calves.
Dtsch. tier�rztl. Wschr. (1999) 106, 466-470

Summary

In continuing investigations on effects of milk replacers with high ash and mineral contents (KAMPHUES et al. 1999) on feces' quality and composition in calves in the present study the sulfate concentration (and its effects) in milk replacers and whey products were prooved. In 13 samples of milk replacers the SO4 concentration varied between 2.4 and 6.7 g/kg dry matter, in 14 samples of dried whey products SO4- concentrations of 1.4 up to 41.8 g/kg dm were found. In general higher sulphur contents were caused by higher concentrations of sulfate. In feeding a milk replacer (6.7 g SO4/kg dm) about 20 % of the consumed sulfate were excreted via feces (app. digestibility of about 80 %). In experiments with elevated SO4 intake (in liquid diets: 560 - 1980 mg/l) the digestibility rate of sulfate decreased dose dependently (75 -> 65 %). By analysis of milk replacers (used in previous experiments, TSCHENTSCHER 1998) resulting in diarrhea in all treated calves SO4-concentrations were found of 16.3 and 10.2 g/kg dm. In feeding experiments (6 calves) by addition of Na2SO4 (85 %) and Mg SO4 (15%) sulfate concentration in the liquid diet was elevated from 560 mg to 1980 mg/l. Here the SO4 concentration in the diet and the dry matter content in calves' feces were correlated significantly (r = -0.85).
Presented results on the SO4 concentration in milk replacers and the observed effects of sulfate intake on feces quality (i. e. dry matter content of feces) indicate by the first time that the SO4 content in milk replacers and dried whey products is an essential parameter when an estimation of milk replacers or whey products' quality is required.

Kamphues, J., and E. Hufendiek (1996): Investigations on utilization of microbial mass
produced during sewage treatment as feed

Proc. Internat. Workshop ��Unkonventionelle Futtermittel`` , 10.-11.4.1996, Braunschweig, Sonderheft Landbauforschung 169,125-129


Summary

During biological aerobic purification of waste water large amounts of microbial matter are produced continuously, that is disposed on dumping sites mainly, partly used as fertilizer or by composting and biogas production.
Here investigations are described that were done to find out the potential feeding value of microbial mass obtained during biological purification of sewage from a special effluent stream of a slaughter-house. The biomass was used in liquid as well as in dried form for feeding experiments in pigs, sheep and dogs to test palatability, digestibility and compatibility. Following results were obtained:

1. Due to the fact that repeatedly Salmonella were found in the original liquid biomass a treatment for decontamination is absolutely necessary before the biomass can be used in animal nutrition.
2. The contamination of the biomass by heavy metals was low in general unlike results in normal sewage sludge.
3. The digestibility of the organic matter of the dried biomass was so low that further experiments with the dried product were given up.
4. In pigs higher digestibility rates for the undried biomass were found (organic matter: near 60 %; crude protein: ~75 %); the prececal digestibility of protein reached values of up to 68 % in pigs (fitted with fistulas at the end of the ileum).
5. Main problems in using this kind of biomass as feed source are (besides its low palatability) the negative influences of the drying process on digestibility, high amounts of calcium and iron as well as the large variation in the dry matter and nutrient content.

P. K�HLER, MARTINA HENNING, E. KALLWEIT und A. BERK (1996)

Digestibility and acceptance of a residue from "Pankreatin"-production in growing finishing pigs 2. Application areas in feeding growing-finishing pigs
(Agribiol. Res. 49, 4, p. 288-295)

A growth study, including a control with a standard diet and two experimental groups with diets differing in the content of "Pankreatin"-residue (PR) was designed.
Results of performance show that PR can be successful used as protein source in growing-finishing pig diets when rations are formulated to have the same protein content. Liquid feeding in combination with cereals is recommended, but animals have to be adapted 1 or 2 weeks.
As related to liveweight and protein requirements PR-amounts in the range of 1 to 3 kg per animal can be incorporated in the rations.
Negative effects on performance, carcass and meat quality are not detected. Results show that feeding of PR-amount above protein requirements do not result in additional effects.

A. BERK, KAREN AULRICH and P. K�HLER (1996)

Digestibility and acceptance of a residue from "Pankreatin"-production in growing finishing pigs 1. Total digestibility of crude nutrients
(Agribiol. Res. 49, 4, p. 278-287)

A liquid residue from "Pankreatin"-production (DM=10%) was analyzed for crude nutrients, amino acids, macro- and toxic elements. Digestibility of nutrients was measured with a total of 10 pigs, applying the difference technique.
As compared to other feedstuffs of animal origin, nutrients showed high contents in protein (67% of DM) and crude ash (18% of DM), but ether extract was found to be very low (1% of DM). About 14% of DM were characterized as so called Organic Residue (crude carbohydrates).
According to the results of amino acids analysis, protein quality proved to be high. Contents of limiting amino acids are higher than in soya protein. Lysin content per 100 g protein amounted to 6.9 g in contrast to 2.9 g in soya.
Calcium, phosphorus and sodium contents are not typical to feedstuffs of animal origin, obviously due to the production process.
Digestibility of nutrients was found to be 90 % for protein, 90 % for organic matter, 30 % for ether extract and 91 % for Organic Residue.
Metabolisable energy was calculated to be 15.0 MJ/kg DM, corresponding to a meat meal high in protein (15.2 MJ/kg DM).

A. BERK and E. SCHULZ, (1994)

Investigations on the digestibility of meat and bone meal and meat meals in pigs
(Landbauforschung V�lkenrode, 44, p. 261-266)

One meat and bone meal and three meat meals, which - judged by their range in protein content - represented the common "types" available commercially, were analysed chemically and in animal trials.
Besides the content of crude protein also amino acids, crude fat, crude ash and gross energy were analysed for. The digestibility of crude nutrients was determined by means of difference trials.
The contents of crude nutrients showed only slight deviations as compared to the known mean values of respective types. In comparison, the ash content of the samples analysed here was slightly lower and the fat content slightly higher. For protein a digestibility of 83% to 86% was found and for the digestibility of the crude fat the values were 67%, 82% and 90% as depending upon the particular type of product. The high digestibility in conjuction with the crude nutrient contents resulted in a high metabolisable energy content of all products.